Introduction to Swift Quick Guide

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Introduction to Swift

Swift 5.6 | iOS 15

With this guide, you will learn how to program in Swift 5.6 and how to implement Swift concurrency. After reading this guide, you will know how to program in Swift, how to define functions and objects, and how to write code using the Swift paradigm.

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Quick Guides for Masterminds are excerpts from our best-selling books SwiftUI for Masterminds, UIKit for Masterminds, and HTML5 for Masterminds, providing a cost-effective alternative to getting the information you need.

With this guide, you will learn how to program in Swift 5.6 and how to implement Swift concurrency. After reading this guide, you will know how to program in Swift, how to define functions and objects, and how to write code using the Swift paradigm.

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION TO SWIFT

Computer Programming

Playground

Variables

Memory

Primitive Data Types

Declaration and Initialization

Arithmetic Operators

Constants

Data Types

Characters

Strings

Booleans

Optionals

Tuples

Conditionals and Loops

If and Else

Switch

While and Repeat While

For In

Control Transfer Statements

Guard

SWIFT PARADIGM

Programming Paradigms

Functions

Declaration of Functions

Generic Functions

Standard Functions

Scopes

Closures

Structures

Definition of Structures

Key Paths

Methods

Initialization

Computed Properties

Property Observers

Type Properties and Methods

Generic Structures

Primitive Type Structures

Range Structures

String Structures

Array Structures

Set Structures

Dictionary Structures

Enumerations

Raw Values

Associated Values

Collection Difference

Objects

Definition of Objects

Type Properties and Methods

Reference Types

Self

Memory Management

Inheritance

Type Casting

Initialization

Deinitialization

Access Control and Modifiers

Singletons

Protocols

Definition of Protocols

Generic Protocols

Swift Protocols

Extensions

Delegates

Errors

Throwing Errors

Handling Errors

Results

CONCURRENCY

Asynchronous and Concurrent Tasks

Tasks

Async and Await

Errors

Concurrency

Actors

Main Actor

Asynchronous Sequences

Task Group

Asynchronous Images

Examples

Download TXT Files - Download Projects

Listing 1: Playground template

Listing 2: Declaring variables

Listing 3: Initializing variables

Listing 4: Declaring and initializing variables in the same statement

Listing 5: Assigning a new value to a variable

Listing 6: Declaring variables of different data types

Listing 7: Declaring variables without specifying the data type

Listing 8: Assigning variables to variables

Listing 9: Assigning the result of an operation to a variable

Listing 10: Performing operations in variables of different type

Listing 11: Inferring the data type from an operation

Listing 12: Calculating the remainder

Listing 13: Adding numbers to variables

Listing 14: Performing operations on the variable's current value

Listing 15: Modifying the value of a variable using incremental operators

Listing 16: Declaring and initializing a constant

Listing 17: Declaring and initializing a Character variable

Listing 18: Declaring and initializing a String variable

Listing 19: Concatenating strings

Listing 20: Concatenating strings with the + and += operators

Listing 21: Including variables in strings

Listing 22: Performing operations inside strings

Listing 23: Including special characters in a string

Listing 24: Generating multiple lines of text

Listing 25: Declaring a Boolean variable

Listing 26: Declaring an optional variable of type Int

Listing 27: Assigning new values to optional variables

Listing 28: Using nil to empty an optional variable

Listing 29: Unwrapping an optional variable

Listing 30: Assigning an optional to another optional

Listing 31: Declaring Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals

Listing 32: Declaring a tuple with two values

Listing 33: Declaring a tuple with values of different type

Listing 34: Reading a tuple

Listing 35: Changing the value of a tuple

Listing 36: Declaring names for the values of a tuple

Listing 37: Creating multiple variables from the values of a tuple

Listing 38: Ignoring some of the values of a tuple

Listing 39: Comparing two values with if

Listing 40: Comparing two values with the <= operator

Listing 41: Conditions with Boolean values

Listing 42: Using logical operators

Listing 43: Using logical operators to check several conditions

Listing 44: Checking whether an optional contains a value or not

Listing 45: Using optional binding to unwrap an optional variable

Listing 46: Checking multiple conditions with Optional Binding

Listing 47: Using if else to respond to both states of the condition

Listing 48: Concatenating if else instructions

Listing 49: Implementing a ternary operator

Listing 50: Unwrapping an optional with a ternary operator

Listing 51: Unwrapping an optional with the nil-coalescing operator

Listing 52: Checking conditions with switch

Listing 53: Checking multiple conditions per case

Listing 54: Matching a tuple in a switch statement

Listing 55: Matching only the second value of a tuple

Listing 56: Capturing values with constants

Listing 57: Comparing values with where

Listing 58: Using while to create a loop

Listing 59: Using repeat while to create a loop

Listing 60: Using for in to iterate over the characters of a string

Listing 61: Iterating over a string without reading the characters

Listing 62: Adding a condition to a loop

Listing 63: Jumping to the next cycle of the loop

Listing 64: Interrupting the loop

Listing 65: Ignoring values in a switch statement

Listing 66: Interrupting a loop with guard

Listing 67: Declaring and calling functions

Listing 68: Calling functions from a loop

Listing 69: Sending values to a function

Listing 70: Sending different values to a function

Listing 71: Sending different values to a function

Listing 72: Returning a value from a function

Listing 73: Returning a tuple

Listing 74: Interrupting the execution of a function with guard

Listing 75: Removing the return keyword

Listing 76: Modifying external variables from a function

Listing 77: Declaring argument labels

Listing 78: Removing argument labels

Listing 79: Declaring default values for parameters

Listing 80: Declaring different functions with the same name

Listing 81: Defining generic functions

Listing 82: Printing values on the console with print()

Listing 83: Creating collections of values

Listing 84: Using variables and constants of different scopes

Listing 85: Assigning closures to variables

Listing 86: Initializing a variable with the value returned by a closure

Listing 87: Simplifying a closure

Listing 88: Sending a closure to a function

Listing 89: Assigning the closure to the function's argument

Listing 90: Using Trailing Closures

Listing 91: Inferring the closure's data types

Listing 92: Declaring escaping closures

Listing 93: Defining a structure

Listing 94: Declaring a variable of type Item

Listing 95: Assigning new values to the properties of a structure

Listing 96: Structures inside structures

Listing 97: Accessing optional properties

Listing 98: Creating key paths

Listing 99: Using read and write key paths

Listing 100: Defining methods

Listing 101: Assigning new values to properties from inside the structure

Listing 102: Initializing properties

Listing 103: Using memberwise initializers to provide the initial values of a structure

Listing 104: Initializing properties from the init() method

Listing 105: Declaring the parameters of the init() method

Listing 106: Declaring multiple init() methods

Listing 107: Declaring computed properties

Listing 108: Defining read-only properties

Listing 109: Adding the set method to set a new value

Listing 110: Using a different name for the parameter of the set method

Listing 111: Adding observers to a property

Listing 112: Defining type properties

Listing 113: Defining type methods

Listing 114: Defining generic structures

Listing 115: Using generic structures

Listing 116: Initializing variables with standard initializers

Listing 117: Casting a variable

Listing 118: Extracting numbers from strings

Listing 119: Checking the maximum possible value for the Int8 type

Listing 120: Rounding floating-point values

Listing 121: Changing the value of a Bool variable

Listing 122: Using for in to iterate over a range

Listing 123: Inverting a range

Listing 124: Using range operators in a switch statement

Listing 125: Calculating random numbers

Listing 126: Converting a number into a string

Listing 127: Processing the string's characters

Listing 128: Calculating a specific index

Listing 129: Getting the next index

Listing 130: Inserting a character in a string

Listing 131: Removing a character

Listing 132: Getting a range of characters

Listing 133: Working with ranges of characters

Listing 134: Implementing String methods

Listing 135: Declaring arrays

Listing 136: Declaring arrays with type inference

Listing 137: Reading the array's elements

Listing 138: Assigning a new value to an element

Listing 139: Adding new elements to an array

Listing 140: Concatenating two arrays

Listing 141: Creating multidimensional arrays

Listing 142: Reading values from a multidimensional array

Listing 143: Removing the elements of an array

Listing 144: Reading an array with a for in loop

Listing 145: Reading indexes and values of an array

Listing 146: Checking whether an array contains a value in a specific index

Listing 147: Adding and removing elements

Listing 148: Removing all the elements that meet a condition

Listing 149: Finding if an element meets a condition

Listing 150: Selecting a random value from an array

Listing 151: Changing the order of the elements of an array

Listing 152: Reading a range of elements

Listing 153: Casting arrays of type ArraySlice

Listing 154: Removing and replacing elements

Listing 155: Initializing an array with elements of the same value

Listing 156: Filtering the values of an array

Listing 157: Mapping an array

Listing 158: Converting the elements of an array into strings

Listing 159: Using a structure initializer with the map() method

Listing 160: Reducing an array

Listing 161: Reversing the elements of an array

Listing 162: Sorting the elements of an array

Listing 163: Sorting the elements of an array in a custom order

Listing 164: Sorting an array of integers

Listing 165: Sorting strings according to the number of characters

Listing 166: Getting the largest element

Listing 167: Getting the first value of an array

Listing 168: Getting the index of a specific value

Listing 169: Getting the index of a value that meets a condition

Listing 170: Creating an empty set of integers

Listing 171: Creating a set of integers

Listing 172: Using contains() to find an element in a set

Listing 173: Inserting a new element

Listing 174: Removing an element from a set

Listing 175: Sorting the elements of a set

Listing 176: Combining sets

Listing 177: Comparing sets

Listing 178: Declaring a dictionary with initial values

Listing 179: Declaring a dictionary with type inference

Listing 180: Assigning a new value to an element of a dictionary

Listing 181: Adding a new element to a dictionary

Listing 182: Reading an element that does not exist

Listing 183: Reading the values

Listing 184: Removing an element from a dictionary

Listing 185: Using for in to iterate over a dictionary

Listing 186: Combining dictionaries with arrays

Listing 187: Reading arrays inside dictionaries

Listing 188: Grouping values by a key

Listing 189: Adding and removing elements from a dictionary

Listing 190: Sorting the values of a dictionary

Listing 191: Iterating over the dictionary's keys

Listing 192: Reading the keys of a dictionary

Listing 193: Defining an enumeration type

Listing 194: Declaring the enumeration values in one statement

Listing 195: Declaring a variable of type Number

Listing 196: Assigning a new value to a variable of type Number

Listing 197: Using switch with an enumeration type

Listing 198: Assigning raw values to enumeration values

Listing 199: Reading raw values

Listing 200: Creating an enumeration from a raw value

Listing 201: Adding methods to an enumeration

Listing 202: Associating values

Listing 203: Reading associated values from an if statement

Listing 204: Synchronizing arrays

Listing 205: Applying all the changes at once

Listing 206: Defining a class

Listing 207: Creating an object from a class

Listing 208: Modifying properties from the object's methods

Listing 209: Declaring a type method for a class

Listing 210: Referring to the object with self

Listing 211: Referring to the data type with self

Listing 212: Referencing one object from another

Listing 213: Assigning weak references

Listing 214: Defining a basic class

Listing 215: Inheriting properties and methods from another class

Listing 216: Creating objects from a subclass

Listing 217: Overriding an inherited method

Listing 218: Calling a method on the superclass

Listing 219: Creating an array of objects from different subclasses

Listing 220: Identifying the object's data type

Listing 221: Casting an object

Listing 222: Casting an object with the as? operator

Listing 223: Casting an object on the fly

Listing 224: Working with objects of AnyObject type

Listing 225: Declaring a Designated Initializer

Listing 226: Declaring a Convenience Initializer

Listing 227: Inheriting the Designated Initializer

Listing 228: Declaring a Designated Initializer for the subclass

Listing 229: Declaring a deinitializer

Listing 230: Defining lazy properties

Listing 231: Declaring private properties

Listing 232: Declaring a public getter and private setter

Listing 233: Defining a singleton

Listing 234: Defining protocols

Listing 235: Defining multiple structures that conform to the same protocol

Listing 236: Using protocols as data types

Listing 237: Accessing the instance's own properties

Listing 238: Returning values of a protocol type

Listing 239: Defining generic protocols

Listing 240: Conforming to the Equatable protocol

Listing 241: Letting the compiler create the protocol methods for us

Listing 242: Adding a type constraint to a generic function

Listing 243: Using the Numeric protocol to set a type constraint

Listing 244: Conforming to the Comparable protocol

Listing 245: Conforming to the Hashable protocol

Listing 246: Defining our own hash value

Listing 247: Conforming to the CaseIterable protocol

Listing 248: Extending a protocol

Listing 249: Extending data types

Listing 250: Extending custom data types

Listing 251: Defining a conditional extension

Listing 252: Customizing string interpolation

Listing 253: Delegating tasks

Listing 254: Delegating with protocols

Listing 255: Using different delegates

Listing 256: Getting an error inside a method

Listing 257: Throwing errors

Listing 258: Handling errors

Listing 259: Getting information about the error

Listing 260: Catching errors with try?

Listing 261: Ignoring the errors

Listing 262: Returning an error with a Result enumeration

Listing 263: Processing an error with the get() method

Listing 264: Initiating an asynchronous task

Listing 265: Running multiple asynchronous processes

Listing 266: Defining a task explicitly

Listing 267: Cancelling a task

Listing 268: Reading a value returned by a task

Listing 269: Defining asynchronous properties

Listing 270: Responding to errors

Listing 271: Defining a concurrent task

Listing 272: Defining an actor

Listing 273: Executing a method in the Main Actor

Listing 274: Executing code in the Main Actor

Listing 275: Returning a value from the Main Actor

Listing 276: Defining an asynchronous sequence

Listing 277: Defining a task group

Listing 278: Loading an image asynchronously

Listing 279: Configuring the image after it is downloaded

Links

Swift Official Website
https://swift.org/

Swift Guide
https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/TheBasics.html

Swift Closures
https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Closures.html

Swift Standard Library
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/swift

Key Paths
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2017/212/

ARC in Swift: Basics and beyond
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10216/

What‘s new in Swift
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10192/

Swift Concurrency
https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Concurrency.html

Discover concurrency in SwiftUI
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10019/

Explore structured concurrency in Swift
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10019/

Meet async/await in Swift
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10132/

Swift concurrency: Behind the scenes
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10254/

Swift concurrency: Update a sample app
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10194/

Meet AsyncSequence
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10058/

AsyncImage
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/swiftui/asyncimage

Protect mutable state with Swift actors
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10133/

Resources

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